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Kotlin, despite being a modern and well-designed language, still has common anti-patterns that can lead to bugs, performance issues, and maintenance problems. Here are the most important anti-patterns to avoid when writing Kotlin code.
// Anti-pattern: Excessive use of !!
fun processUser(user: User?) {
    val name = user!!.name
    val age = user!!.age
    val address = user!!.address!!
    // NullPointerException if any is null
}

// Better approach: Safe calls and Elvis operator
fun processUser(user: User?) {
    val name = user?.name ?: "Unknown"
    val age = user?.age ?: 0
    val address = user?.address?.toString() ?: "No address"
}
The !! operator forces a nullable type to be non-null and throws a NullPointerException if the value is null. Use safe calls (?.) and the Elvis operator (?:) instead.
// Anti-pattern: Regular class for data
class User(val name: String, val age: Int) {
    override fun equals(other: Any?): Boolean {
        if (this === other) return true
        if (other !is User) return false
        return name == other.name && age == other.age
    }
    
    override fun hashCode(): Int {
        var result = name.hashCode()
        result = 31 * result + age
        return result
    }
    
    override fun toString(): String {
        return "User(name='$name', age=$age)"
    }
}

// Better approach: Use data classes
data class User(val name: String, val age: Int)
// equals, hashCode, toString, copy are generated automatically
Use data classes for simple data containers to automatically get equals(), hashCode(), toString(), and copy() methods.
// Anti-pattern: Ignoring Java nullability
fun processJavaString(javaUtil: JavaUtil) {
    val str = javaUtil.getStringThatMightBeNull()
    println(str.length)  // Potential NPE
}

// Better approach: Handle potential nulls
fun processJavaString(javaUtil: JavaUtil) {
    val str = javaUtil.getStringThatMightBeNull()
    if (str != null) {
        println(str.length)
    }
    // Or
    println(str?.length ?: 0)
}
Platform types (types coming from Java) may be nullable even if not marked as such. Always handle them carefully.
// Anti-pattern: Extension function abuse
fun String.toInteger(): Int = this.toInt()
fun String.toDouble(): Double = this.toDouble()
fun String.isValidEmail(): Boolean = this.matches(Regex("^[A-Za-z](.*)([@]{1})(.*)$"))

// Better approach: Use utility class for related functions
object StringUtils {
    fun toInteger(s: String): Int = s.toInt()
    fun toDouble(s: String): Double = s.toDouble()
    fun isValidEmail(s: String): Boolean = s.matches(Regex("^[A-Za-z](.*)([@]{1})(.*)$"))
}
While extension functions are powerful, overusing them can lead to namespace pollution. Group related functions in utility classes or objects.
// Anti-pattern: Callbacks for async operations
fun fetchUserData(userId: String, callback: (User) -> Unit, errorCallback: (Exception) -> Unit) {
    thread {
        try {
            val user = api.getUser(userId)
            callback(user)
        } catch (e: Exception) {
            errorCallback(e)
        }
    }
}

// Better approach: Use coroutines
suspend fun fetchUserData(userId: String): User {
    return withContext(Dispatchers.IO) {
        api.getUser(userId)
    }
}

// Usage
lifecycleScope.launch {
    try {
        val user = fetchUserData(userId)
        updateUI(user)
    } catch (e: Exception) {
        showError(e)
    }
}
Use coroutines for asynchronous operations instead of callbacks or threads for more readable and maintainable code.
// Anti-pattern: Manual implementation
fun <T> findFirst(list: List<T>, predicate: (T) -> Boolean): T? {
    for (item in list) {
        if (predicate(item)) {
            return item
        }
    }
    return null
}

// Better approach: Use standard library functions
fun <T> findFirst(list: List<T>, predicate: (T) -> Boolean): T? {
    return list.find(predicate)
}
Kotlin’s standard library provides many useful functions. Use them instead of reimplementing common functionality.
// Anti-pattern: Manual property initialization
class UserViewModel {
    private var _user: User? = null
    val user: User
        get() = _user ?: throw IllegalStateException("User not initialized")
    
    fun init() {
        _user = fetchUser()
    }
}

// Better approach: Use lazy delegation
class UserViewModel {
    val user: User by lazy {
        fetchUser()
    }
}
Use property delegation (lazy, Delegates.observable, etc.) for common property patterns.
// Anti-pattern: Using enums or constants for state
class UserRepository {
    companion object {
        const val STATE_LOADING = 0
        const val STATE_SUCCESS = 1
        const val STATE_ERROR = 2
    }
    
    var state = STATE_LOADING
    var data: User? = null
    var error: Exception? = null
}

// Better approach: Use sealed classes
sealed class Result<out T> {
    object Loading : Result<Nothing>()
    data class Success<T>(val data: T) : Result<T>()
    data class Error(val exception: Exception) : Result<Nothing>()
}

class UserRepository {
    var result: Result<User> = Result.Loading
}
Use sealed classes to represent states with associated data instead of using constants or enums.
// Anti-pattern: Verbose object initialization
fun createUser(name: String, age: Int): User {
    val user = User(name, age)
    user.status = "Active"
    user.lastLoginDate = Date()
    return user
}

// Better approach: Use scope functions
fun createUser(name: String, age: Int): User {
    return User(name, age).apply {
        status = "Active"
        lastLoginDate = Date()
    }
}
Use scope functions (let, run, with, apply, also) to make code more concise and readable.
// Anti-pattern: Non-inline higher-order functions
fun <T> measureTime(action: () -> T): Pair<T, Long> {
    val startTime = System.currentTimeMillis()
    val result = action()
    val endTime = System.currentTimeMillis()
    return result to (endTime - startTime)
}

// Better approach: Use inline for higher-order functions
inline fun <T> measureTime(action: () -> T): Pair<T, Long> {
    val startTime = System.currentTimeMillis()
    val result = action()
    val endTime = System.currentTimeMillis()
    return result to (endTime - startTime)
}
Use inline for higher-order functions to avoid the overhead of lambda object creation and virtual function calls.
// Anti-pattern: Misusing companion objects
class User {
    companion object {
        // Instance-related method in companion object
        fun getName(user: User): String {
            return user.name
        }
    }
    
    var name: String = ""
}

// Better approach: Proper use of companion objects
class User(val name: String) {
    companion object {
        // Factory method - appropriate for companion object
        fun createWithDefaultName(): User {
            return User("John Doe")
        }
    }
    
    // Instance method belongs to the class, not companion
    fun getName(): String {
        return name
    }
}
Use companion objects for factory methods and static utilities, not for instance-related functionality.
// Anti-pattern: Repeating complex types
fun processUserData(data: Map<String, List<Pair<String, Any>>>) {
    // Process data
}

fun storeUserData(data: Map<String, List<Pair<String, Any>>>) {
    // Store data
}

// Better approach: Use type aliases
typealias UserData = Map<String, List<Pair<String, Any>>>

fun processUserData(data: UserData) {
    // Process data
}

fun storeUserData(data: UserData) {
    // Store data
}
Use type aliases to give meaningful names to complex types, making code more readable and maintainable.
// Anti-pattern: Extension functions for properties
fun String.isEmail(): Boolean {
    return matches(Regex("^[A-Za-z](.*)([@]{1})(.*)$"))
}

// Usage
if (email.isEmail()) {
    // Do something
}

// Better approach: Use extension properties
val String.isEmail: Boolean
    get() = matches(Regex("^[A-Za-z](.*)([@]{1})(.*)$"))

// Usage
if (email.isEmail) {
    // Do something
}
Use extension properties instead of extension functions when the function doesn’t take parameters and returns a value.
// Anti-pattern: Anonymous class implementation
val clickListener = object : OnClickListener {
    override fun onClick(view: View) {
        // Handle click
    }
}

// Better approach: Use lambda for single-method interfaces
val clickListener = OnClickListener { view ->
    // Handle click
}
For single-method interfaces (SAM interfaces), use lambda expressions instead of object expressions.
// Anti-pattern: Manual collection operations
fun getAdultNames(people: List<Person>): List<String> {
    val adults = ArrayList<Person>()
    for (person in people) {
        if (person.age >= 18) {
            adults.add(person)
        }
    }
    
    val names = ArrayList<String>()
    for (adult in adults) {
        names.add(adult.name)
    }
    
    return names
}

// Better approach: Use collection operations
fun getAdultNames(people: List<Person>): List<String> {
    return people
        .filter { it.age >= 18 }
        .map { it.name }
}
Use Kotlin’s collection operations (map, filter, reduce, etc.) for more concise and readable code.
// Anti-pattern: Not using destructuring
fun processCoordinates(point: Pair<Int, Int>) {
    val x = point.first
    val y = point.second
    // Process coordinates
}

// Better approach: Use destructuring declarations
fun processCoordinates(point: Pair<Int, Int>) {
    val (x, y) = point
    // Process coordinates
}
Use destructuring declarations to extract multiple values from objects like pairs, triples, and data classes.
// Anti-pattern: String concatenation
fun greeting(name: String, age: Int): String {
    return "Hello, " + name + "! You are " + age + " years old."
}

// Better approach: Use string templates
fun greeting(name: String, age: Int): String {
    return "Hello, $name! You are $age years old."
}

// For complex expressions
fun complexGreeting(person: Person): String {
    return "Hello, ${person.fullName}! You are ${person.age} years old."
}
Use string templates ($variable or ${expression}) instead of string concatenation for more readable code.
// Anti-pattern: Positional arguments
fun createUser("John", "Doe", 30, true, "admin")

// Better approach: Use named arguments
fun createUser(
    firstName = "John",
    lastName = "Doe",
    age = 30,
    isActive = true,
    role = "admin"
)
Use named arguments for better readability, especially when calling functions with many parameters.
// Anti-pattern: Using callbacks for data streams
interface DataListener {
    fun onNewData(data: Data)
    fun onError(error: Exception)
}

class DataRepository {
    private val listeners = mutableListOf<DataListener>()
    
    fun addListener(listener: DataListener) {
        listeners.add(listener)
    }
    
    fun removeListener(listener: DataListener) {
        listeners.remove(listener)
    }
    
    fun fetchData() {
        // Fetch data and notify listeners
    }
}

// Better approach: Use Flow
class DataRepository {
    fun fetchData(): Flow<Data> = flow {
        // Fetch data and emit
        try {
            val data = api.fetchData()
            emit(data)
        } catch (e: Exception) {
            throw e
        }
    }
}

// Usage
viewModelScope.launch {
    dataRepository.fetchData()
        .catch { e -> handleError(e) }
        .collect { data -> updateUI(data) }
}
Use Kotlin’s Flow for reactive programming instead of callbacks or custom observer patterns.
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