Node.js is a JavaScript runtime built on Chromes V8 JavaScript engine, enabling server-side JavaScript execution. It uses an event-driven, non-blocking I/O model that makes it lightweight and efficient for building scalable network applications.
Node.js Anti-Patterns Overview
Node.js, despite its popularity and efficiency, has several common anti-patterns that can lead to performance issues, memory leaks, and maintenance problems. Here are the most important anti-patterns to avoid when writing Node.js code.
Not Handling Errors Properly
Not handling errors can lead to application crashes and unpredictable behavior. Always check for errors in callbacks or use try/catch with async/await.
Callback Hell
Deeply nested callbacks make code hard to read and maintain. Use Promises or async/await to write more linear, readable code.
Not Using Streams for Large Data
Loading large files entirely into memory can cause out-of-memory errors. Use streams to process data in chunks.
Blocking the Event Loop
CPU-intensive operations block the event loop, affecting all requests. Use worker threads for CPU-bound tasks.
Memory Leaks
Unbounded caches and event listeners are common sources of memory leaks. Use proper caching libraries and always remove event listeners when they’re no longer needed.
Not Using Environment Variables
Hardcoded configuration values make deployment difficult and pose security risks. Use environment variables for configuration.
Improper Error Handling in Promises
Unhandled promise rejections can cause application crashes. Always add .catch()
to promise chains or use try/catch with async/await.
Sync Operations in Async Code
Synchronous operations block the event loop and reduce throughput. Always use asynchronous versions of I/O operations.
Not Using a Process Manager
Running Node.js applications directly in production doesn’t handle crashes or utilize multiple cores. Use process managers like PM2 or Docker containers.
Not Validating User Input
Not validating user input can lead to security vulnerabilities and data corruption. Always validate and sanitize user input.
Not Using HTTP Security Headers
Not using security headers makes your application vulnerable to various attacks. Use middleware like Helmet to add appropriate security headers.
Not Handling Uncaught Exceptions
Unhandled exceptions can crash your application. Set up global error handlers to log errors and gracefully shut down.
Not Using Proper Logging
Using console.log
for logging doesn’t provide features like log levels, formatting, and output configuration. Use a proper logging library like Winston or Pino.